Symptoms
The pinnae on the tip of the frond are bent in a hook-like shape (Hook Leaf). The leaf colour remains green.
Reasons
Boron deficiency
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Symptoms
The pinnae on the tip area of the frond are bent in a hook-like shape (Hook Leaf). Snapped-off leaf tips become dry and twist.
The leaflets on the outermost leaf tip do not develop properly, i.e. the leaflets do not seperate (Blind Leaf).
Reasons
Boron deficiency
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Symptoms
Boron is necessary for adequate root growth: undersupplied plants show hardly any lateral root development.
Reasons
Boron deficiency on roots (left)
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Symptoms
With B deficiency, the spear leaves are not able to open normally, therefore the pinnae show deformities like crumpling or crinkling (Crinkle Leaf).
The leaf colour remains green.
Reasons
Boron deficiency
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Symptoms
With B deficiency, the spear leaves are not able to open normally, therefore the pinnae show deformities like crumpling or crinkling (Crinkle Leaf).
The leaf colour remains green.
Reasons
Boron deficiency
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Symptoms
Boron deficiency causes abnormalities in leaf development like ‚crinkle leaf‘, ‚hook leaf‘, ‚little leaf‘, 'blind leaf.
An early symptom of B deficiency is the formation of shortened leaves, giving the palm a ‚flat top‘ appearance.
At severe deficiency, leaf production stops completely
Reasons
Boron deficiency on young plant
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Symptoms
Boron deficiency leads to retarded growth or damage of apical tissues. The root tips show necrosis and the complete root system turns yellowish.
Reasons
Boron deficiency on roots
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Symptoms
With B deficiency, the spear leaves are not able to open normally, therefore the pinnae show deformities like crumpling or crinkling (Crinkle Leaf).
The leaf colour remains green.
Reasons
Boron deficiency
B deficiency is likely to occur at low (<4.5) or high (>7.5) soil pH and at favourable B leaching conditions with high rainfall and sandy soils.
Asia and Oceania
